Once upon a time, in a small village near the beach in West Sumatra, a woman and her son lived. They were Malin Kundang and her mother. Her mother was a single parent because Malin Kundang's father had passed away when he was a baby. Malin Kundang had to live hard with his mother.
Malin Kundang was a healthy, dilligent, and strong boy. He usually went to sea to catch fish. After getting fish he would bring it to his mother, or sold the caught fish in the town. One day, when Malin Kundang was sailing, he saw a merchant's ship which was being raided by a small band of pirates. He helped the merchant. With his brave and power, Malin Kundang defeated the pirates. The merchant was so happy and thanked to him. In return the merchant asked Malin Kundang to sail with him. To get a better life, Malin Kundang agreed. He left his mother alone. Many years later, Malin Kundang became wealthy. He had a huge ship and was helped by many ship crews loading trading goods. Perfectly he had a beautiful wife too. When he was sailing his trading journey, his ship landed on a beach near a small village. The villagers recognized him. The news ran fast in the town; “Malin Kundang has become rich and now he is here”. An old woman ran to the beach to meet the new rich merchant. She was Malin Kundang’s mother. She wanted to hug him, released her sadness of being lonely after so long time. Unfortunately, when the mother came, Malin Kundang who was in front of his well dressed wife and his ship crews denied meeting that old lonely woman. For three times her mother begged Malin Kundang and for three times he yelled at her. At last Malin Kundang said to her "Enough, old woman! I have never had a mother like you, a dirty and ugly woman!" After that he ordered his crews to set sail. He would leave the old mother again but in that time she was full of both sadness and angriness. Finally, enraged, she cursed Malin Kundang that he would turn into a stone if he didn't apologize. Malin Kundang just laughed and really set sail.In the quiet sea, suddenly a thunderstorm came. His huge ship was wrecked and it was too late for Malin Kundang to apologize. He was thrown by the wave out of his ship. He fell on a small island. It was really too late for him to avoid his curse. Suddenly,
he turned into a stone.

1. Vaishya theory proposed by N.J. Chrome which states that the group Vaishyas (traders) are the largest group that plays a role in spreading religion and Hindu-Buddhist culture. The traders who are already familiar with the Hindu-Buddhist come to Indonesia than to trade them also introduced the Hindu-Buddhist to the Indonesian people. Because the shipping time is dependent on the monsoon, then the time they settled in Indonesia if the wind did not allow them to return. During the Indian traders settle down, allowing the marriage with native women. This is where the influence of Indian culture spread in Indonesian society.
2. Knight theory the promoter C.C. Berg ,explains that the class of knights helped spread the Hindu-Buddhist culture in Indonesia. The Indian knights that helps domina . Assistance provided by the Knights a boost to victory for one group or the warring tribes in Indonesia. As a reward for the victory, was among those who were married with one daughter of the head of the tribe or group that helped. Of the marriage, the knights easily deploy Hindu-Buddhist tradition to the family who married earlier. Further develops the tradition of Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms in Indonesia.
3. Brahmins theory this was put forward by Jc.Van Leur stating that religion and Hindu-Buddhist culture that came to Indonesia was brought by a group of Brahmins (religious groups) who were invited by the Indonesian authorities. His opinion was based on the observation of the remnants of the kingdoms patterned Hindu-Buddhist in Indonesia, especially in the inscriptions using Pallava alphabet and the Sanskrit language. In India it is used only in the language of scripture and religious ceremonies and the only class of Brahmins who understand and master the use of language.
   This reinforces the theory that only the Brahmin caste of Hinduism who understand fully and correctly. The Brahmins who has the right and is able to read the Vedas (Hindu scriptures) so that the spread of Hinduism to Indonesia can only be performed by a group of Brahmins.
4. Reverse Flow Theory This theory was put forward by F.D.K Bosch which explains the active role of the Indonesian people in spreading Hindu-Buddhist culture in Indonesia. According to Bosch, who first came to Indonesia are Indian people who have a passion to spread the Hindu-Buddhist. Because of its influence, it was among the community leaders who are interested to follow his teachings. In further developments, many Indonesian people themselves who went to India for pilgrimage and Hindu-Buddhist learning in India. Back in Indonesia, they are taught in Indonesian society to another.

Structurally, plant and animal cells are very similar because they are both eukaryotic cells. They both contain membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes. Both also contain similar membranes, cytosol, and cytoskeletal elements. The functions of these organelles are extremely similar between the two classes of cells (peroxisomes perform additional complex functions in plant cells having to do with cellular respiration). However, the few differences that exist between plant and animals are very significant and reflect a difference in the functions of each cell.

1.     PLANT CELLS

Chloroplasts

In animal cells, the mitochondria produces the majority of the cells energy from food. It does not have the same function in plant cells. Plant cells use sunlight as their energy source; the sunlight must be converted into energy inside the cell in a process called photosynthesis. Chloroplasts are the structures that perform this function. They are rather large, double membrane-bound structures (about 5 micrometers across) that contain the substance chlorophyll, which absorbs sunlight. Additional membranes within the chloroplast contain the structures that actually carry out photosynthesis.

Chloroplasts carry out energy conversion through a complex set of reactions similar to those performed by mitochondria in animals. The double membrane structure of chloroplasts is also reminiscent of mitochondria. The inner membrane encloses an area called the stoma, which is analogous to the matrix in mitochondria and houses DNA, RNA, ribosomes, and different enzymes. Chloroplasts, however, contain a third membrane and are generally larger than mitochondria.

The Cell Wall

Another structural difference between in plant cells is the presence of a rigid cell wall surrounding the cell membrane. This wall can range from 0.1 to 10 micrometers thick and is composed of fats and sugars. The tough wall gives added stability and protection to the plant cell.

Vacuoles

Vacuoles are large, liquid-filled organelles found only in plant cells. Vacuoles can occupy up to 90% of a cell's volume and have a single membrane. Their main function is as a space-filler in the cell, but they can also fill digestive functions similar to lysosomes (which are also present in plant cells). Vacuoles contain a number of enzymes that perform diverse functions, and their interiors can be used as storage for nutrients or, as mentioned, provide a place to degrade unwanted substances.

 

2.     ANIMAL CELL

cell membrane - the thin layer of protein and fat that surrounds the cell. The cell membrane is semipermeable, allowing some substances to pass into the cell and blocking others.
centrosome - (also called the "microtubule organizing center") a small body located near the nucleus - it has a dense center and radiating tubules. The centrosomes is where microtubules are made. During cell division (mitosis), the centrosome divides and the two parts move to opposite sides of the dividing cell. The centriole is the dense center of the centrosome.
cytoplasm - the jellylike material outside the cell nucleus in which the organelles are located.
Golgi body - (also called the Golgi apparatus or golgi complex) a flattened, layered, sac-like organelle that looks like a stack of pancakes and is located near the nucleus. It produces the membranes that surround the lysosomes. The Golgi body packages proteins and carbohydrates into membrane-bound vesicles for "export" from the cell.
lysosome - (also called cell vesicles) round organelles surrounded by a membrane and containing digestive enzymes. This is where the digestion of cell nutrients takes place.
mitochondrion - spherical to rod-shaped organelles with a double membrane. The inner membrane is infolded many times, forming a series of projections (called cristae). The mitochondrion converts the energy stored in glucose into ATP (adenosine triphosphate) for the cell.
nuclear membrane - the membrane that surrounds the nucleus.
nucleolus - an organelle within the nucleus - it is where ribosomal RNA is produced. Some cells have more than one nucleolus.
nucleus - spherical body containing many organelles, including the nucleolus. The nucleus controls many of the functions of the cell (by controlling protein synthesis) and contains DNA (in chromosomes). The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear membrane.
ribosome - small organelles composed of RNA-rich cytoplasmic granules that are sites of protein synthesis.
rough endoplasmic reticulum - (rough ER) a vast system of interconnected, membranous, infolded and convoluted sacks that are located in the cell's cytoplasm (the ER is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane). Rough ER is covered with ribosomes that give it a rough appearance. Rough ER transports materials through the cell and produces proteins in sacks called cisternae (which are sent to the Golgi body, or inserted into the cell membrane).
smooth endoplasmic reticulum - (smooth ER) a vast system of interconnected, membranous, infolded and convoluted tubes that are located in the cell's cytoplasm (the ER is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane). The space within the ER is called the ER lumen. Smooth ER transports materials through the cell. It contains enzymes and produces and digests lipids (fats) and membrane proteins; smooth ER buds off from rough ER, moving the newly-made proteins and lipids to the Golgi body, lysosomes, and membranes.
vacuole - fluid-filled, membrane-surrounded cavities inside a cell. The vacuole fills with food being digested and waste material that is on its way out of the cell.

 

 

 

PROKARIOT	EUKARIOT
Has no real core, core material dispersed in the cytoplasm because it has no membrane core	Has a nucleus which is actually due to the core material surrounded by a membrane core
DNA has a much simpler, much less contain nucleotide base pairs, circular	DNA has a more complex, contain more nucleotide base pairs, so that should be rolled on histone proteins (histones exist)
Only have a single chromosome	Chromosome has more than 1 (one)
Not have introns, exons only	Have introns and exons
has operon	not have operons
The process of transcription and translation can occur simultaneously.	Transcription occurs in the nucleus, and translation occurs in the cytoplasm. Both can not be run simultaneously.
Transcription process occurs much simpler	Transcription occurs more complicated, because the RNA polymerase access to DNA for longer due to compact DNA is packaged with histone proteins
Regulation of protein synthesis process simpler	Regulation of protein synthesis process is more complex